The 7 Types of ADHD/ADD in Adults

‍Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in Canada—but it affects each individual in unique ways. ADHD in adults presents through a diverse range of symptoms and behaviours. To better understand the complexity of this condition, we can look at the different types of ADHD in adults.

There are 7 types of ADHD proposed by psychiatrist Dr. Daniel Amen, each with distinct symptoms and challenges. Here’s a closer look at the 7 types of ADHD in adults, along with their common symptoms.

What Is ADHD?

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ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in attention, emotional regulation, impulse control, and hyperactivity. Symptoms typically begin in childhood and continue through adulthood, though many cases don’t get diagnosed until later in life. Common symptoms of ADHD in adults include difficulty concentrating, trouble controlling impulsive behaviours, disorganization, frequent squirming or fidgeting, and forgetfulness.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR), ADHD can be classified into three official types: 

• Inattentive ADHD: Characterized by difficulties with attention and focus.
• Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD: Characterized by hyperactive and impulsive behaviours, like restlessness and interrupting others.
• Combined ADHD: Characterized by the symptoms of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.

ADHD is sometimes referred to as attention deficit disorder (ADD). The term ADD was replaced by ADHD in 1987 by the American Psychological Association. However, ADD is still sometimes colloquially used, mainly to describe predominantly inattentive ADHD.

The 7 Types of ADHD in Adults

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Dr. Daniel Amen, a psychiatrist and brain imaging specialist, developed a classification system for ADD based on his research analyzing brain activity and blood flow using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) scans.

He proposes 7 types of ADD: classic ADD, inattentive ADD, over-focused ADD, temporal lobe ADD, limbic ADD, ring of fire ADD, and anxious ADD. Each type has distinct experiences, symptoms, challenges, and treatments. Note that Dr. Amen uses the term ADD, as he explains that not all types of ADD include hyperactivity.

Although there isn’t scientific consensus about these 7 types of ADHD in adults, it helps understand the varied symptoms of ADHD and the need for individualized treatment.

Classic ADD

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Classic ADD is the most common type of ADHD, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Dr. Amen’s research shows that, with classic ADD, there is decreased activity in parts of the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. This affects the brain’s production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in attention and motivation.

Symptoms of classic ADD may include:

• Difficulty maintaining focus
• Being easily distracted
• Issues with time management and organization
• Constant fidgeting and an inability to stay still
• Impulsivity; making decisions without considering consequences
• Poor follow-through
• Trouble listening when others speak
• Poor attention to detail
• Frequently misplacing items or forgetting commitments
• Difficulty waiting their turn
• Talking excessively and interrupting others

Inattentive ADD

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Individuals with inattentive ADD are typically more quiet and introverted. While they struggle with focus and attention, they tend not to have impulsivity challenges. Inattentive ADD can often be missed or diagnosed later in life because, as children, these individuals exhibit fewer behavioural problems. 

Symptoms of inattentive ADD may include:

• Trouble focusing on tasks
• Difficulty paying attention when others talk
• Challenges with time management and organization
• Poor attention to detail
• Frequent daydreaming
• Sluggish or slow movements
• Struggling to finish work, chores, or other responsibilities
• Avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort
• Often misplacing items, such as keys or a phone
• Frequently complaining of boredom
• Appearing unmotivated or apathetic
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Over-focused ADD

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Instead of finding it challenging to pay attention, individuals with over-focused ADD find it challenging to shift their attention. People with over-focused ADD can become so hyper-focused on tasks that they ignore their surroundings and may even neglect basic needs like eating. Because these individuals can get caught up in the details of a task, they may need to look at the bigger picture or prioritize tasks more effectively. 

Symptoms of over-focused ADD may include:

• Excessive worrying
• Obsessive or compulsive behaviors or thought patterns
• Tendency to get stuck in negative thought loops
• Being oppositional or argumentative
• Holding grudges
• Difficulty shifting from one activity or thought to another
• Often becoming upset if things aren’t done a certain way
• Tendency to maintain their own opinion while ignoring others
• Struggling to adapt to new situations or changes in routine
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Temporal Lobe ADD

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Similar to other types of ADHD, temporal lobe ADD is characterized by issues with learning, memory, behaviour, and mood.  Dr. Amen’s research found that individuals with this type of ADD exhibit abnormal activity in the temporal lobe, which is responsible for emotional regulation, memory processing, and sensory input. This can lead to difficulty recalling details, processing information, and managing emotions.

Symptoms of temporal lobe ADD may include:

• Issues with memory and auditory processing
• Mood instability, including irritability and a quick temper
• Periods of spaciness, confusion, panic, or fear without reason
• Episodes of déjà vu
• Headaches or abdominal pain of uncertain origin
• Dark thoughts
• Potential learning disabilities
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Limbic ADD

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Individuals with limbic ADD have chronic low mood and energy. In limbic ADD, the part of the brain responsible for emotional control and the “fight or flight” response is overactive. The limbic system is involved in processing and regulating emotions and mood. People with limbic ADD often have feelings of guilt, moodiness, and low self-esteem. 

Symptoms of limbic ADD may include:

• Persistent feelings of sadness or low mood
• Moodiness and frequent irritability
• Chronic low self-esteem
• A negative attitude
• Low motivation and energy
• Tendency to socially isolate
• Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and guilt
• Loss of interest and enjoyment in activities
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Heightened sensitivity to rejection or criticism
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Ring of Fire ADD

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In contrast to other types of ADHD, ring of fire ADD is marked by patterns of overall high activity in the entire brain. In brain scans, this looks like a “ring” of overactivity. Irritability, mood swings, and unpredictable behaviour characterize this type of ADHD. It can be difficult for individuals with ring of fire ADD to manage their emotions and reactions, which can result in extreme responses to everyday situations. 

Symptoms of ring of fire ADD may include:

• Extreme variability in mood and attention
• Sensitivity to environmental stimuli
• Rigid and inflexible thinking
• Being oppositional
• Periods of mean or insensitive behaviour
• Increased talkativeness and impulsivity
• Rapid speech and racing thoughts
• Irritability
• Difficulty regulating emotions and reactions
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Anxious ADD

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Anxious ADD involves low activity in the prefrontal cortex and overactivity in the basal ganglia, which can lead to difficulty managing anxiety and stress. Individuals with anxious ADD often anticipate the worst in situations and are fearful of making mistakes. This can lead to indecision and ADHD paralysis. They also often get caught in cycles of anxiety and self-doubt, making it difficult to navigate social situations and maintain relationships.

Symptoms of anxious ADD may include:

• Frequent anxiety or nervousness 
• Physical stress symptoms like headaches
• Tendency to freeze in social situations
• Dislike of public speaking
• Predicts the worst will happen in situations
• Avoids conflict
• Fear of being judged
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Find Personalized ADHD Support

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Though there is debate about the 7 types of ADHD in adults, it is clear that ADHD can present and affect individuals in many different ways. A personalized ADHD treatment plan, which may include a combination of therapy and medication, is often the most effective way to navigate the symptoms of ADHD.

ADHD in adults is a complex disorder, and every person’s experience is unique. Through working with a licensed counsellor, you can better understand how ADHD is affecting you. 

At Phare, our ADHD counsellors provide comprehensive support to help you manage symptoms, build on your neurodivergent strength, and live a more balanced life. Connect with a Phare Counsellor today!

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Author Bio:

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Wendy Chan is a writer and editor who is passionate about health, wellness, and self-care. She has worked in marketing and communications for nearly a decade, creating educational content for brands and companies across Canada. Since 2020, she has been a writer and researcher for Phare Counselling.

Wendy specializes in authoring informative and accessible content on mental health, wellbeing, higher education, and technology. She holds a BFA in Creative Writing from the University of British Columbia. You can find her in Vancouver or Toronto, depending on the weather.

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